Chapter 4 of ‘The Turn of the Screw’ Essay

How does Chapter 4 of ‘The Turn of the Screw’ establish the character’s/narrator’s point of view? How does it encourage the reader to judge the character/narrator? Use evidence of diction, tone and symbolism to substantiate your reading. Chapter 4 of the novel begins after the governess has apparently seen for the first time, a strange man standing on the rooftop of Bly. She has described the figure in great detail, leading us to lend at least some small credence to her belief that it is a real person; how could she have described him in such detail if she hadn’t actually seen something? The chapter, however, begins with the governess in a state of paranoia about the incident and her situation. The governess compares her situation to two very popular gothic romances, which is the first instance in which we as readers begin to question her sanity. Was there a ‘secret’ at Bly – a mystery of Udolpho†¦? Udolpho, Radcliffe’s novel, she does directly, however she also mirrors the plot of Jane Eyre in her wishing to marry her master. Likening her world to the worlds of two pieces of fiction, rather than add clarity to her situation, instead have the opposite effect in leading us to question her perception of the lines between reality and fantasy. Ironically she mentions an â€Å"insane relative† and â€Å"confinement† when in fact she is the one starting to become ‘insane’ and is indeed the one confined to this large country house, away from the man that she loves, the one man she cannot get to. Further to this view of the governess’ fascination with the master bringing up questions of her sanity, the very vision of Quint himself could help us to understand this. With no outlet for her feelings for the master, it can be said that the vision of the man she sees is indeed a manifestation of her feelings for the master. She experiences â€Å"curiosity† and â€Å"dread† at the vision, she finds Quint attractive yet also aggressive and terrifying, as handsome as the master yet different as in the manifestation of a dream. It can be said that she has created for herself a sexual substitute onto which she projects her fears and her desires, she fears his sexuality. Small turns of phrase used by the governess also lead us, at least subconsciously to doubt the account of the governess. She â€Å"can’t say how long† she remained rooted to the spot after the vision, in a dream-like daze perhaps? She is writing this account well after the events after all, meaning that her own views of events and time are distorted. There is a vagueness and ambiguity to the whole account and of course her personal feelings could have coloured her view of actual events; it is incredibly difficult to remember something so long after with total recall. She finds herself â€Å"hesitate to mention† the events to Mrs Grose. Why is this? Could she doubt her own ideas already or is she as she says trying to â€Å"spare† her companion? What is this â€Å"inward revolution† that she experiences? This idea of the governess seeing herself as a hero and saviour is prevalent throughout the chapter and the novel. The innocence of the children is possibly the central theme of the novel and perhaps this manifestation of Quint happens because she feels threatened. Indeed the apparitions always seem to take place after a happy session with the children. Whether Quint is a ghost or not, the idea of evil approaching innocence is important to consider as a symbol. James has taken great pains to highlight the innocence of the children and the governess gives us her own views on the evilness of this character. Every scene and action seems to further illuminate the question to us of the children’s innocence. The governess sees Miles as â€Å"quite unpunishable† and sees his actions as a â€Å"direct disproof† to his guilt, but we as readers know that Miles has been expelled from many schools. The governess freely admits that she is â€Å"under the spell† of the children of whom she has only known for a relatively short time. She becomes incredibly critical of the headmaster and school, â€Å"little horrid unclean school-world† and â€Å"stupid sordid headmasters† show us that she is becoming very defensive, almost irrationally so, of this one thing – the children – that is almost keeping her going. There is an altogether unwholesome purity to Miles and Flora, as if they are ‘too’ innocent and it creates ideas in our own heads about how they could be playing with the governess. Could Quint be the manifestation of a sense of her feeling that this happiness with the children is threatened? The governess’ own ideas about Quint also lead us to question her because they are entirely subjective views and they get more and more subjective throughout the novel. Originally there was some credibility to her account as she described the physical aspects of the ‘ghost’. We don’t know that it’s Quint, just a man, and this makes her account seem more trustworthy. On the second occasion she gives her thoughts and the account begins to unravel a little. How can she possibly know that he was looking for the children? She can not possibly. She makes claims that can’t be proven such as the â€Å"monstrous liberty† that this ‘traveller’ has taken by coming into the grounds and taking a look form the tower. She speaks of her â€Å"duty and courage†, again referencing herself as the hero. She is beginning to fit her ideas around the vision and more and more doubt is being cast upon her all the time. The fact that she sees him a second time disproves her original view of him being a wayfarer. The fact that it appears to be the same handsome man could be a mistake, and this in fact could be a stranger who exists in reality outside of her fantasies. She mentions the children as being an â€Å"antidote to any pain.† Could she be speaking of the master here as well as her problems at home? She recognises the man â€Å"one step into the room†¦instantaneous† as though she’s almost expecting it. It is very difficult to recognise someone you have seen only once from very far away immediately. The â€Å"forward stride† he has taken is symbolic of her approaching madness perhaps? She has â€Å"known him always†, is he a part of her, some part of her mind? We also have the symbolism, â€Å"the darkness had quite closed in†, of madness fairly early in the chapter. Many people recall insanity or madness to be like a great cloud or darkness, and of course this is echoed in the greyness of the day and poor weather, which incidentally is very evocative of the gothic mood leading us to reconsider the possibility of a supernatural event actually taking place as well I believe. Both times that she sees the man, she spends days wandering about, losing track of time and this could be a reaction of intense shock to seeing a ghost, but she doesn’t yet know that this is a ghost. â€Å"There were hours, from day to day†¦when I had to shut myself up to think† She is almost obsessing over the vision. He has to decide whether or not she has been â€Å"made the object of any game,† another instance of her paranoia. She â€Å"repeatedly dipped into† her room again and again by her own admission and we are beginning to wonder now at the state of her mind and the nature of the shock she had undergone. After the first time she describes her reaction as â€Å"the shock I had suffered.†, and all of these wanderings, loss of time and bouts of shock lead me personally to believe she has had a bout of hysteria and could possibly be imagining the whole thing. â€Å"The good thing after all, was that we should surely see no more of him.† – although she is trying to convince the reader and herself, she doesn’t seem very sure, although we again have to remember that she is writing this after the events. She is withholding information from us deliberately, and when we find out that she does see him again, it affects our trust of her once more. She even loses all sense of â€Å"duration† again. She speaks of losing him and outside being â€Å"empty with a great emptiness†, sounding almost disappointed at not finding the man, or manifestation of the master. She has feelings for her absent master, similar in appearance to this vision, sexual desires, and this on top of the bad news that she has been receiving from home and the paranoia she has been experiencing builds up and up until it manifests itself on a dark night/grey day and she thinks that she sees something. On both occasions she has even been the instigator of her placement; she decides to go for a walk and she was the one who left the gloves where she had on the second occasion. Was it mere coincidence that the apparitions happened on both of these occasions? We are left, as usual in the novel, unsure by the ambiguity and to decide for ourselves. Ironically at the end of the chapter, the governess is juxtaposed with the position of the stranger, and she becomes the source of terror for everybody else rather than the heroine as she presses herself against the window and Mrs Grose enters the room.

sergei rachmaninoff essays

sergei rachmaninoff essays Sergei Vasilyevich Rachmaninoff was born on April 1, 1873, at the family estate in Oneg, deep in the Nogorod countryside. His parents were Lubov Boutakov and Vasily Rachmaninoff. His father, Vasily, was an ex-officer in the Russian army. He had two elder sisters, Elena and Sophia, and an older brother named Vladimir. He had two younger siblings which joined the Rachmaninoff family, a girl named Varvara and a boy called Arkady. Varvara died when she was just a baby. Music was an important part of the Rachmaninoff family tradition. His father and his grandfaher had both played the piano. Alexander Siloti, Rachmaninoffs cousin, was already an acomplished pianist and was becoming popular by the time Rachmaninoff was born. Sergei was six years of age when he had his first piano lesson from Anna Ornatsky. She was from the St. Petersburn Conservatory. Rachmaninoff seemed to have a natural ability at the piano. Anna recommended that he receive a scholarship at the St. Petersburn Conservatory in 1881. He was but 9 years old when he began his formal lessons at the Conservatory. During the next few years he would skip his classes to play games and train hop, which would eventually result in failure at school. By this time, circumstances at home had left Lubov and the children with next to nothing because Vasily had pissed away all of the families earnings. With no money and the school threatening to expell her son from the St. Petersburg Conservatory, Lubov turned to her cousin Alexander Siloti. They made an arrangement that Sergei could continue to study at the Conservatory, at which point the family moved to Moscow. There Sergei became a student of Nikolai Zverev. Nikolai was known throughout the country as both a teacher and a diciplinarian. Hard daily schedules of long practice sessions soon helped Rachmaninoff settle down and become focused. Over a period of time the dicipline began to pay ...

Booker T. Washington, W.E.B. Dubois, and African Americans essays

Booker T. Washington, W.E.B. Dubois, and African Americans essays During the time between 1877 and 1915, black Americans experienced many social, economic and political difficulties. Many African Americans supported the program of Booker T. Washington, the most prominent black leader of the late 19th and early 20th century, who advised them to focus on modest economic goals and to accept temporary social discrimination. Another group of African Americans, led by the African-American intellectual W.E.B. Du Bois wanted to challenge segregation through political action. Washington and Du Bois both had good strategies for dealing with problems of poverty and discrimination, Washington believed that blacks could advance themselves faster through hard work rather than by demands for equal rights, Du Bois declared that African Americans must speak out constantly against discrimination. Booker T. Washington was a leader for civil rights; his tactics were taken in more of a modest way. He focused on economic goals and advised to accept social discrimination temporarily. During the late 19th century the principle of segregation by race extended into every area of Southern life, from railroads to restaurants, hotels, hospitals, and schools. Even down to the simplest thing such as water fountains were segregated (Doc J). Any area of life that was not segregated by law was segregated by custom and practice. In 1883 the Supreme Court ruled that the Fourteenth Amendment did not prevent individuals from practicing discrimination. And in Plessy v. Ferguson in 1896 the Court found that "separate but equal" public accommodations for African Americans, such as trains and restaurants, did not violate their rights. Cases such as these brought up new voices like Booker T. Washington, advocating civil equality, and the strategies by which they are achieved. Booker T. Washington was an educator and the most prominent black leader of his day. He grew up as a slave in Virginia, born to a white slave-holding father and a ...

The Distance Between Degrees of Latitude and Longitude

The Distance Between Degrees of Latitude and Longitude What is the precise location of Los Angeles? It can be stated in relative terms (about 3,000 miles west of New York, for example), but for a cartographer, pilot, geologist, or geographer, a much more specific measurement is needed. In order to precisely locate any spot in the world, therefore, we use a geographic coordinate system that is measured in degrees of latitude and longitude. This system starts with an imaginary grid of lines that cover the entire planet. Locations are measured based on both X and Y coordinates within the grid. Because the Earth is round, however, the distances between lines on the grid vary. Defining Latitude and Longitude Longitude is defined as imaginary lines called meridians that run from the north to the south pole. There are a total of 360 meridians. The Prime Meridian, which runs through the Greenwich Observatory in England, is also called the International Date Line. Every location east of this line is one day earlier than every location west of the line. Latitude is defined as imaginary lines called parallels because they are parallel to the equator and to one another. The equator, which runs in a circle around the center of the Earth, divides the planet into north and south hemispheres. Lines of latitude and longitude intersect, creating a grid that allows anyone in any location to pinpoint a geographic location. There are 360 degrees of longitude (because meridians make Great Circles around the globe), and there are 180 degrees of latitude. To further specify exactly where to find anything on Earth, measurements are stated not only in degrees but also in minutes and seconds. Each degree can be broken into 60 minutes, and each minute can be divided into 60 seconds. Any given location can be described in terms of degrees, minutes, and seconds of longitude and latitude. What Is the Distance Between Degrees of Latitude? Degrees of latitude are parallel so, for the most part, the distance between each degree remains constant. However, the Earth is slightly elliptical in shape and that creates a small variation between the degrees as we work our way from the equator to the north and south poles. Each degree of latitude is approximately 69 miles (111 kilometers) apart.At the equator, the distance is 68.703 miles (110.567 kilometers).At the Tropic of Cancer and Tropic of Capricorn (23.5 degrees north and south), the distance is 68.94 miles (110.948 kilometers).At each of the poles, the distance is 69.407 miles (111.699 kilometers). This is rather convenient when you want to know how far it is between each degree, no matter where you are on Earth. All you need to know is that each minute (1/60th of a degree) is approximately one mile. For example, if we were at  40 degrees north,  100 degrees west, we would be on the Nebraska-Kansas border. If we were to go  directly north to  41 degrees north,  100 degrees west, we would have traveled about 69 miles and would now be near Interstate 80. What is the Distance Between Degrees of Longitude? Unlike latitude, the distance between degrees of longitude varies greatly depending upon your location on the planet. They are farthest apart at the equator and converge at the poles. A degree of longitude is widest at the equator with a distance of 69.172 miles (111.321 kilometers).The distance gradually shrinks to zero as they meet at the poles.At 40 degrees north or south, the distance between a degree of longitude is 53 miles (85 kilometers). The line at 40 degrees north runs through the middle of the United States and China, as well as Turkey and Spain. Meanwhile, 40 degrees south is south of Africa, goes through the southern part of Chile and Argentina, and runs almost directly through the center of New Zealand. Calculate the Distance from One Point to Another What if you are given two coordinates for latitude and longitude and you need to know how far it is between the two locations?  You could use what is known as a haversine formula to calculate the distance - but unless you are a whiz at trigonometry, it is not easy. Luckily, in todays digital world, computers can do the math for us. Most interactive map applications will allow you to input GPS coordinates of latitude and longitude and tell you the distance between the two points.  There are a number of latitude/longitude distance calculators available online. The National Hurricane Center has one that is very easy to use. Keep in mind that you can also  find the precise latitude and longitude of a location using a map application. In Google Maps, for example, you can simply click on a location and a pop-up window will give latitude and longitude data to a millionth of a degree. Similarly, if you right-click on a location in MapQuest you will get the latitude and longitude data. Source Latitude/Longitude Distance Calculator. National Hurricane Center and Central Pacific Hurricane Center.

Last man and overman Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Last man and overman - Essay Example Plato believes that desire and thinking are in the body not of the body. However, Nietzsche thinks that last man comes from repression of body and instincts. Without the body, the soul cannot move beyond itself and see things objectively. Plato believes that the essence of soul is out there, beyond itself and is moving. Nietzsche agrees it is moving, although he claims that essence is secured in body. Ego and will both have contempt for the body but both have contentment in their thinking and desires. During studying this text, we can understand that the soul of the last man is not able to create beyond itself, but the soul of the overman is able to create beyond itself. There are some characteristics of the last man, such as cruelty, the longest life (because he has a great knowledge of health), happiness, reason, and virtue. If you deny the body, your sense cannot go beyond yourself and material things. The origin of the last man was already in Plato’s doctrine. Ego, will, and soul mean thinking, desire or will, and spirit respectively. The spirit of ego, will, and desire must be changed into the postmodern view on the soul and postmodern form. Soul controls the body of the last man, while the body controls soul in behalf of body. Soul is complete and it is never equal to body. Soul is in the body but not of the body. It goes towards rationality. The soul of the last man is the soul away from the body. Soul is like spirit, ego, thinking, and desire. Soul has contempt for the body, but it is only a spirit. Soul as spirit is immoral. Spirit without the body is the structure of the soul of last man. The soul cannot go beyond manmade happiness. The chapter â€Å"On the Despisers of the Body†, you are what your body is â€Å"Body am I, and soul†. The body created the ego and the spirit and it serves to itself. The self is the body and the spirit that the body created. The body is a great intelligence and the ruling part of

ETH501, Business Ethics, Mod 2 Session Long Project Essay

ETH501, Business Ethics, Mod 2 Session Long Project - Essay Example It is the company’s duty to inculcate such an environment in the company and practice such ethical behavior that employees have nothing bad to say about the company. Many companies, however, take the easier route, that is they coerce their employees to restrain from whistle blowing about the company. One such contract, where an employee was restrained from speaking anything bad about the company was offered Charles F. Frenette. The contract stated that the initial offer to him about a stock option will e forfeited if he is found disparaging or using bad words about the company. This was like stopping him from speaking what he wants or what he may want to speak in the future. And punishment levied on him for his freedom of expression would be forfeiting his monetary reward. As discussed before, you cannot force an employee to restrain from speaking and instead you should inculcate such policies with the company that it may never indulge in any wrongdoings and hence does not come under bad wording by its employees. Let’s now look at the issue under the two most important ethical frameworks of deontology and utilitarianism. Unitarianism is all about the good for the society. This principle states that every action should increase the goodness for the society in all cases. An action should only be taken if costs associated are less than the benefits attained from it. For example, if Coke’s decision to stop its employees from whistle blowing or from telling people about any wrong doing of the company, this action would bring upon people very negative effects and will save only the reputation of the company. In other words, the costs inflicted in the society might be very high as compared to the reputation of the Coca-Cola that will be protected from any controversy. Under this ethical framework, the clause added by the Coca-Cola Company is never justified. They are inflicting costs on the

Intellectual Property Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 2

Intellectual Property Law - Essay Example demarks whereby trademark registration acted to indicate a product’s origin or identity, while also protecting the mark from use by other traders apart from the one who registered the mark2. This solved problems that had arisen regarding showing ownership to the mark through the establishment of goodwill necessary for pass-off action. The trademark directive finally got implementation into law with 1994’s Trade Mark Act (TMA) that holds to date. It states that the proprietor of a trademark that has been registered possesses exclusive rights that are infringed upon through the use of the trade mark without their consent in the UK3. The TMA sought to widen the infringement of trademark scope through allowing traders to register any sign that could be graphically represented and capable of distinguishing one’s undertaking from another traders undertaking4. With the advent of the Trade Marks Act 1994, it has been suggested that the common law tort of passing off has become largely superfluous in the protection of identifying insignia. This paper will seek to show that this is not eh case, especially since it still acts as a fallback option when the TMA faces l imitations, while it also fills the gaps in TMA section 10. One of the reasons why the TMA has been seen to render passing-off as superfluous in protection of identifying insignia, is that it has given a broader definition to what a trademark that can be registered constitutes. This in effect has allowed the registration of most things that can be used as a distinguishing element during passing off5. However, the expanded definition provided by the TMA do not render passing off completely superfluous in English law. This is especially since it is still the main action cause for those who, for one reason or another, do not register their trademarks, as well as for those marks that are non-registerable because of the limitations of TMA. In addition, even though the TMA extends the protection scope for